Scale library · Technology & information systems
Perceived enjoyment scale: Davis et al. (1992)
Perceived enjoyment is intrinsic motivation: users find using a technology enjoyable in its own right, apart from the benefits it brings. Davis, Bagozzi and Warshaw (1992) introduced it alongside perceived usefulness (extrinsic motivation) and showed that both affect intention to use. The 3-item scale is often added to TAM, UTAUT or ECM models and suits theses on social media, games, online learning, livestream shopping and entertainment apps.
Cite the original, not the blog.
- Model or scale: Perceived Enjoyment
- Constructs: 1
- Items: 3
Original English items
Items marked (R) are reverse-coded: recode them before computing reliability or scale scores. Replace bracketed placeholders such as [system] with the name of the system, brand or organization you study.
Perceived Enjoyment (ENJ, 3 items)
| Code | Item wording | Reverse-coded |
|---|---|---|
| ENJ1 | I find using [online self-regulated learning] to be enjoyable | No |
| ENJ2 | The actual process of using [online self-regulated learning] is pleasant | No |
| ENJ3 | I have fun using [online self-regulated learning] | No |
Response scale
7-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree … 7 = Strongly agree), as in Luo, Lin and Yang (2021); Chao (2019) used 5 points.
Licence and permission
The items are published in an academic article and widely reused in research. Cite Davis, Bagozzi and Warshaw (1992); we found no permission requirement for non-commercial academic use.
Sources (APA 7)
- Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to use computers in the workplace. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(14), 1111–1132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00945.x
- Luo, Y., Lin, J., & Yang, Y. (2021). Students' motivation and continued intention with online self-regulated learning: A self-determination theory perspective. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft, 24(6), 1379–1399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-021-01042-3
- Chao, C.-M. (2019). Factors determining the behavioral intention to use mobile learning: An application and extension of the UTAUT model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1652. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01652
Vietnamese translation
A Vietnamese translation of every item, with sample-size advice and studies that used the scale, is on the Vietnamese page for this scale.